Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the leading causes of disability in the elderly population. With the global rise in aging populations, the prevalence of KOA continues to climb, placing higher and more specific demands on the precision and clinical efficacy of knee replacement surgery. Traditional total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) are both effective treatments for end-stage KOA. However, both procedures share limitations such as prosthesis positioning errors, suboptimal soft tissue balance, and highly operator-dependent outcomes. The advent of robotic-assisted technology offers a revolutionary new approach to addressing these challenges. Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RATKA) and robotic-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (RAUKA) significantly enhance surgical precision, reproducibility, and standardization through preoperative planning, intraoperative real-time navigation, and robotic arm-assisted manipulation. This paper systematically reviews the technical foundations, research progress, clinical efficacy, and core differences between RATKA and RAUKA. It analyzes challenges encountered in current applications and explores integration trends with cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and personalized prostheses, providing reference for clinical practice and future research.